The role of household income on the nutritional wellbeing among children below five years in Kadungulu sub county, Serere District.

Abstract

Background: Malnutrition among children under five years remains a persistent challenge in Uganda, despite national policies aimed at improving child nutrition and household welfare. Household income, sources of livelihood such as agricultural produce sales, and food security are widely recognized as critical determinants of child nutritional wellbeing. This study examined the effect of salary/wage income, income from the sale of agricultural produce, and household food security on the nutritional wellbeing of children below five years in Kadungulu Sub County, Serere District. Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A total of 75 questionnaires were distributed to caregivers and community representatives, of which 71 were returned, and 69 were validated for analysis, yielding a response rate of 92%. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequencies and percentages, while qualitative insights were drawn from interviews with selected respondents to complement the survey findings. Results: The study found that salary and wage earnings had a significant positive effect on child nutrition. Majority of respondents agreed that regular and stable income improves dietary quality, ensures consistent meals, increases access to diverse foods, reduces malnutrition risks, and promotes children’s growth and health. The sale of agricultural produce showed a mixed effect; while it enhanced dietary diversity, it did not consistently improve food availability, reduce malnutrition, or support better child growth. Household food security was identified as a crucial mediating factor, as stable and adequate access to food strengthened the impact of income on child nutrition, whereas food shortages weakened it. Conclusions: Household income, both from wages and other monetary sources, is a key determinant of child nutritional wellbeing, but its effectiveness is significantly influenced by household food security. Agricultural income alone does not guarantee improved child nutrition unless complemented by stable income, proper household financial management, and nutrition-sensitive practices. Recommendations: The study recommends promoting stable income-generating opportunities, supporting effective use of agricultural earnings, strengthening household food security through interventions such as kitchen gardens and community food storage, and integrating nutrition education with income and agricultural programs. Multi-sectoral collaboration among government, NGOs, and community organizations is also advised to maximize child nutrition outcomes. Future research should explore the long-term impact of household income, the role of agricultural practices, the effectiveness of food security interventions, and socio-cultural factors affecting child nutrition. Keywords: Household income, Agricultural produce, Food security, Nutritional wellbeing, Children under five, Kadungulu Sub County, Serere District.