Hydro diplomacy and trans boundary water cooperation in the Nile basin region, a case study of Nile basin initiative (NBI), Entebbe Uganda

Abstract

This study explored the influence of hydro-diplomacy on transboundary water cooperation within the Nile Basin, focusing on the Nile Basin Initiative (NBI). The research was guided by three key objectives: to examine the role of hydro-diplomacy in promoting peace and security among Nile Basin Riparian States; to assess the effectiveness of the NBI in fostering efficient and equitable water management; and to analyze how political dynamics and power imbalances effect the success of transboundary cooperation frameworks in the region. The study employed a case study design and mixed methods. The study involved 109 respondents out of a target population of 150. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23, while qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The study found that hydro-diplomacy has helped promote peace, reduce tensions, and build trust among Nile Basin states through dialogue and cross-border engagements. The NBI was recognized for improving water management, data sharing, technical skills, and supporting joint projects. However, concerns remain about the fairness of addressing upstream and downstream needs, highlighting the need for more transparency and trust-building. Political power imbalances and lack of a university binding legal framework were identified as key challenges hindering effective cooperation over Nile water resources. The study recommends strengthening diplomatic dialogue and cross-border engagements to build mutual trust and advance sustainable management of the Nile’s water resources.